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Debts after death
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Debts after death
This fact sheet covers England & Wales. You will need different advice if you live in Scotland.
Contents
Steps to take after someone has died
Other organisations that my be useful
What happens to debts when someone dies?
Dealing with debts if there is no estate
Dealing with the estate
Insolvent estates
Property
What happens to rented property after death?
What happens to energy bills after death?
What happens to water bills after death?
What happens to council tax after death?
What happens to benefit overpayments after death?
What happens to hire purchase agreements after death?
What happens to credit debts after death?
Help with funeral costs and benefits
Useful contacts
Other fact sheets which may help you
Use this fact sheet to:
find where to get the support you need;
understand if you may be liable for someone's debts when they die;
understand how home ownership is affected by a person's death; and
find out what kind of bills and debts might need dealing with.
If you have been affected by bereavement, it’s important that you get the emotional support you need. The Cruse Bereavement Care freephone national helpline is staffed by trained bereavement volunteers. Call them on 0808 808 1677.
Our service is always free. If you have any questions or need advice, call us on 0808 808 4000.
Steps to take after someone has died
Trying to sort things out after the death of a loved one can be distressing. If you find you are struggling, try and find a friend or family member that can help you.
If you are unable to find anyone who can give the help you need, MoneyHelper offer practical advice and support to anyone following bereavement. They cover a range of topics such as what you need to do straight away after a death, registering the death and arranging the funeral.
One of the first things you’ll need to do is register the death, this needs to be done at a register office very soon after it happens. There are rules about which register office to use. See GOV.UK to find out how to register the death in more detail.
Tell Us Once
Speak to your Register Office about the Tell Us Once service, this passes information about a death to most government organisations. You report the death once and the Tell Us Once service tells most government departments. Go to GOV.UK to find out if your local register office uses the Tell Us Once service. The information you find will also tell you which organisations to contact to report the death if the Tell Us Once service is not available.
DWP bereavement service
The Department of Work and Pensions (DWP) bereavement service will check all the DWP benefits the person who has died was receiving. The service can also check whether the next of kin can apply for bereavement benefits or a funeral payment. You can contact the service on 0800 731 0469. Please go to our Help with Funeral costs and benefits section for more information on what help you may be able to get if your partner or spouse has died.
Life insurance
You should check whether the deceased has any life insurance policies that should pay out. Any money paid out would go to either:
the policy holder or their estate if they have died;
a surviving joint policy holder if the policy is in joint names and one policy holder has died;
a beneficiary that was nominated by the policy holder; or
a trust.
Speak to the life insurance company find out.
Other organisations that my be useful
Death Notification Service
The Death Notification Service has been created to tell a number of banks, building societies and financial institutions at the same time about a person's death. The aim is to make the process secure, quick and straightforward.
If your case is particularly complicated or time-sensitive (for example, if money or property needs to be released from the estate urgently), you should discuss it with the deceased person’s bank or building society before using this service. There’s information in the Frequently Asked Questions about what you can do in this situation.
You do not need to create an account to use this service, but if you do:
you will receive confirmation that the information has been received by the financial institutions; and
if you find more accounts held by the person that has died, you can add them to your information later.
If you have any difficulties creating an account, contact the Death Notification Service Helpline on 0333 207 6574 from the UK or +44 121 4150965 from overseas (opening hours 08:30-17:30, Mon-Fri - excluding bank holidays).
HMRC bereavement helpline
Once His Majesty's Revenue and Customs (HMRC) have been notified of the death, they will speak to the personal representative about the deceased’s tax affairs. See the Personal representative duties section for more information about personal representatives.
HMRC will be able to provide details of:
any pension or employment income;
details of any bank accounts; and
copies of the last tax return (if the deceased was in Self Assessment.)
My Lost Account
My lost account is a free service that can help find bank accounts that have not been used for three years or more. This may be useful if you are handling the deceased persons finances as you can check if they had any accounts you are unaware of.
The Pension Tracing Service
The Pension Tracing Service is a fee service that can help find unclaimed pension pots. This may be useful if you are handling the deceased persons finances as you can check if they have any pensions you are unaware of.
What happens to debts when someone dies?
If the debts are in the deceased person’s sole name and they have no assets, the debts will not be owed by anybody else when they die.
If the debts are joint or someone has acted as a guarantor, then the surviving person or guarantor will be liable for these debts. If you have been left with debts which are unaffordable please contact us for advice.
If the deceased person has assets in their estate, joint or sole, the debts become a liability on the estate. The executor of the estate is responsible for paying outstanding debts from the estate. Find out more in our Dealing with the estate section.
Dealing with debts if there is no estate
The estate is made up of assets that have been left behind. Assets can include:
property and land;
money in bank accounts; and
personal possessions.
If there is no estate, you or a third party cannot be held liable for debts if you did not take them out jointly or did not act as a guarantor.
Contact any organisation that is owed money and inform them of the death. You are able to inform most organisations online, they will want a copy of the death certificate and details. Inform them that there is no money in the estate and ask them to confirm that the account is closed. You can use our Write off after death sample letter to help you.
More detail on dealing with different types of debt can be found later in this fact sheet.
If there is no money in the estate to help you arrange a funeral please see our Help with Funeral costs and benefits section.
Dealing with the estate
If the person who has died left a will, it should say who the executor of the will is. To distribute the estate, the executor will need to apply for probate. In England and Wales this called ‘Grant of probate.’
The cost to apply for probate is £273 if the estate is valued at over £5,000. The fee is usually paid for out of the estate, if there is enough money to do so. There is no fee if the estate is valued at £5,000 or less.
You may be able to get help with the fee if you have a low income. You can find out through GOV.UK.
You can apply for probate through GOV.UK.
Applying for probate may not be necessary in all circumstances, for example:
there are no assets;
if the estate is small, usually less than £5,000; or
all the assets in the estate were held as joint tenants and so pass by means of survivorship (see the Joint property section below).
If the estate is complicated you may wish to use a probate specialist, though these can be expensive.
If the person who has died has not left a valid will, people close to them may be able to apply to court to get permission to deal with the estate. This person will be called an administrator. The law sets out who can apply to be an administrator in order of priority, including any surviving husband or wife, children, father, or mother and so on. A full list of who can apply can be found on GOV.UK.
Whoever deals with the estate is known as the personal representative.
If you are the personal representative and do not wish to continue to act as one, you may be able to step down. This will depend on the exact situation, so if you are considering this contact the probate helpline first.
Personal representative duties
The personal representative is able to pay for funeral expenses and administration costs out of the estate before paying any of the deceased person’s creditors. The full list of personal representative responsibilities are as follows.
List all assets and liabilities of the deceased.
Work out the amount of Inheritance Tax (if any).
Apply for grant of probate/letters of administration.
Collect in all assets.
Pay funeral expenses and administration expenses.
Pay debts.
Pay beneficiaries.
Prepare estate accounts. GOV.UK has more on this.
Inheritance Tax
Inheritance Tax will need to be paid before probate can be granted. Inheritance Tax is not payable on estates worth less than £325,000. This limit can increase depending on the exact situation. Property which is left to a spouse is exempt from Inheritance Tax. Use the Which calculator to work out if any Inheritance Tax needs to be paid.
Liabilities
As well as assets, the deceased’s liabilities will from part of their estate. Any liabilities could reduce the value of the estate for Inheritance Tax purposes and have to be dealt with by the personal representative.
Liabilities could include, amongst other things:
a mortgage;
rent arrears;
credit cards; and
utility bills.
We cover how these liabilities should be dealt with later on in this fact sheet .
Paying creditors and beneficiaries
The personal representative needs to pay creditors of the deceased before payments are made to any beneficiaries, if this isn’t done they could become liable for the debt.
Asking creditors to submit claims through an advert in The Gazette and local newspaper will help protect the personal representative from liability, but at least two months should be given for creditors to come forward. You can find out more through The Gazette.
Once creditors have been paid, the personal representative can pay any remaining estate to the beneficiaries set out in the will.
If there is no will then the distribution of the estate will be based on the rules of ‘intestacy’. You can find out more about the rules of intestacy through Citizens Advice.
If you are living with someone but not married or in a civil partnership, this may mean you won’t receive anything from an estate.
GOV.UK has a tool which can help you find out who inherits if someone dies without a will.
If a creditor or beneficiary suffers a loss as a result of the personal representative not following the correct process, they may make a claim against the personal representative. As this can be a complicated area you should get legal advice if needed. You can find a solicitor through the Law Society.
Insolvent estates
An estate is called 'insolvent' if the total needed to pay the funeral costs, administration costs and debts is greater than the total value of the assets.
Insolvent estates can be complicated and difficult to deal with. You may need specialist legal advice. You can find a solicitor through the Law Society.
If the personal administrator decides to pay creditors from an insolvent estate, they must do so in the following order.
Secured creditors.
Reasonable funeral, administration and testamentary expenses. Testamentary expenses can include things like probate fees and solicitor fees.
Preferred and preferential debts. For example employee wages, if the deceased person employed someone.
Unsecured creditors.
Interest due on unsecured loans.
Deferred debt, such as an informal loan between family members.
If there are insufficient funds to pay all the unsecured lenders in full, they should be paid on a pro-rota basis. This means that the debts will be paid proportionally, with the largest lender receiving the largest share and the smallest lender the smallest share. Failure to follow this order may mean they incur personal liability for some of the debts not paid.
Property
If the deceased person has left a property which is jointly owned, it will be owned in one of two ways.
Tenants in common
Each owner will have a defined share of the property. The shares will usually be set out in the deeds. When one owner dies, their share does not automatically pass to the surviving owner. The deceased person’s share will form part of the estate and will be available to pay creditors and those named in any will. It may be possible for the co-owner to offer to pay the debts to avoid the property being sold. If you need to negotiate, contact us for advice.
Joint tenant
Each owner owns all of the property. When one owner dies, their share does automatically pass to the other owner. It does not form part of the estate available to creditors. Therefore, the property is not taken into account when working out whether the estate is insolvent.
If you are unsure how the property is owned then you should contact land registry to find property ownership information, there is a cost of £3.
Property in insolvent estates
If the estate is insolvent, the creditor could apply to court to recover the deceased person's assets, this would include the deceased share of the property. This is called an insolvency administration order, the creditor has five years to apply from the date of death.
For tenants in common, insolvency administration orders are very unlikely as the deceased persons equity will already form part of the estate.
Creditors do not apply for insolvency administration orders very often but it may be more likely for joint tenants as the deceased persons equity passes to the surviving owner. If a creditor threatens to do this, any surviving owner may need to try to negotiate with the creditor to prevent them making this application. The surviving owner could offer to pay a debt by instalments or offer a lump sum. If you need to negotiate, contact us for advice.
What happens to rented property after death?
Tell the council or housing association about the death, the Tell us once service can help you with this.
If the property is a council or housing association tenancy and there is a joint tenant, the joint tenant should automatically take over a tenancy. If there are any arrears the joint tenant will be liable to pay them. Rent arrears should be treated as a priority debt and an arrangement should be made to reduce the arrears at an affordable amount.
If the tenancy was a sole tenancy in the deceased person’s name then any arrears should be paid by the estate. If there isn’t money in the estate to pay the arrears, they don’t need to be paid.
In some circumstances a husband or wife, partner or a member of the tenant’s family may be able to ‘succeed’ or inherit the tenancy, if they have been living there when the tenant died.
If you are liable for rent arrears and are unable to afford repayments contact us for advice.
If you live in England, see our Rent arrears - England fact sheet for more information.
If you live in Wales, see either our Rent arrears for standard occupation contracts - Wales fact sheet or Rent arrears for secure occupation contracts - Wales fact sheet for more information.
Ending tenancy England
In England, a tenancy will not end when a person dies and no one inherits it, the landlord or the person handling the affairs of the tenant that died can end the tenancy.
If someone has been living in the property and no one inherits the property, they have a right to stay in the property until the tenancy is ended by the landlord or the person handling affairs of the tenant that died.
For more detailed information about dealing with a tenancy after death, contact Shelter on 0808 800 4444.
Ending tenancy Wales
In Wales, if a sole contract-holder dies, the occupation contract will usually end one month after the death of the contract-holder. The personal representative can end the occupation earlier by giving notice to the landlord.
There are some exceptions to this, for example if the contact can be succeeded or for some fixed-term standard contracts that include a provision to transfer the contract on death to a third party.
For more detailed information about dealing with a tenancy after death, contact Shelter Cymru on 08000 495 495.
What happens to energy bills after death?
Tell the energy company about the death as soon as you can. Most energy companies will have an online form that you can complete. The form will ask for contact details, details of the deceased, whether gas and electricity will continue to be used at the property and details of the executor of the estate.
If there is jointly owned or jointly rented property, the person still living there will be liable for the ongoing bill.
Anyone who was already named on the bill will be liable for any gas or electricity arrears. Gas and electric arrears should be treated as a priority because you can get disconnected.
See our Energy debts fact sheet for more information. If you now have energy arrears which you cannot afford to repay, contact us for advice.
If the energy bill was in the deceased person’s sole name, any arrears should be paid by the estate. If there isn’t enough money to do this, the money will no longer be owed.
If your name is not on the bill and the energy company tries to argue that you have benefited from the energy supply and so should pay the bill, contact us for advice.
What happens to water bills after death?
Tell the water company about the death as soon as you can. Most water companies will have an online form that you can complete. The form will ask for contact details, details of the deceased, whether water will continue to be used at the property and details of the executor.
Any joint occupier will also be responsible for the ongoing bill, the name(s) on the bill should be changed by the water company.
If there are any arrears, the joint occupier will also be responsible for these. Water arrears are a non-priority debt because the supply can’t be disconnected if there is still someone living in the property. See our Water arrears fact sheet for more information.
Any liable person would need to pay the on-going water bill and offer an affordable amount to any arrears. If you have been left with a water bill that you will struggle to pay, please contact us for advice.
If the water bill was in the deceased person’s sole name, any arrears should be paid by the estate. If there isn’t enough money to do this, the money will no longer be owed.
What happens to council tax after death?
Let the council know about the death as soon as you can.
If a rental property had been solely occupied by the person that has died, liability usually falls to the owner or leaseholder.
If the property was solely owned by the person that has died, it will be exempt from council tax payment as long as it remains unoccupied and until probate is granted. Once probate is granted a further six months' exemption may be possible as long as the property remains unoccupied.
If the person who has died lived on their own, any arrears will be paid out of the estate. If there isn’t enough money to do this, the money will no longer be owed.
A partner of the person who dies will be responsible for the ongoing bill, but can claim a 25% discount if they are the only adult in the house.
They will also be liable for any council tax arrears if they were living in the house, even if their name is not on the bill. If the person was not named on the bill, the council will have to send a new bill in their name before they can recover any outstanding council tax. Council tax arrears are a priority debt, the council will want the ongoing council tax paid plus an extra amount to clear the arrears. See our Council tax recovery fact sheet for more information.
If you have council tax arrears that you will struggle to repay, please call us for advice.
What happens to benefit overpayments after death?
If someone who dies was claiming benefits, make sure that the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) and the council know that they have passed away. This can be done through the ‘Tell Us Once’ service. See the earlier section Steps to take after someone dies.
Sometimes the DWP may say that they have paid the person who died too much benefit. This means there will be a debt called a benefit overpayment.
It is important to understand why the DWP or council say that a benefit overpayment has happened. Contact us for advice about whether their decision is correct.
If only the deceased person is liable, it can be recovered from the estate. If there isn’t enough money to do this, the money will no longer be owed.
What happens to hire purchase agreements after death?
Hire purchase agreements are usually used to buy cars, but some shops sell household goods on hire purchase too. The goods do not belong to you until you make the final payment.
Check the agreement to see if it is a hire purchase agreement before returning the goods to the creditor and contact us for advice.
Check to see if there is an insurance policy that pays off the agreement if the person hiring the goods dies. If there is an insurance policy, the credit agreement may be paid off and the goods would then become part of the estate.
Dealing with a hire purchase agreement after someone dies can be complicated. Contact us for advice about finding the right type of help.
What happens to credit debts after death?
Only a person who has signed the credit agreement can be held liable for credit debts such as credit cards, overdrafts, unsecured loans and catalogues. Any money owed by the person who died can be recovered from their estate. If there is not enough money in the estate to clear the debts in full, see our Insolvent estate section earlier in the fact sheet.
Let the lenders know about the death. You can use the Death Notification Service to notify several banks and building societies at the same time. Most major banks are part of the Death Notification Service. For more information on the Death Notification Service, see our Steps to take when somebody dies section earlier in the fact sheet.
Many lenders also have an online form you can use and bereavement specialists who can help. The lender will also ask for a copy of the death certificate.
If the debts are in joint names or had a guarantor, the surviving person or guarantor will become solely liable for them. If you have debt which you are unable to repay, please contact us for advice.
Help with funeral costs and benefits
Funeral expenses
If the funeral has already been paid for, or money has been left in the estate to cover it, the executor of the estate will pay the funeral bill.
If there isn’t money to do this then a friend or relative will usually pay for the funeral and claim the funeral costs back from the estate, if there is enough money in it. If the person who has died has other debts, reasonable funeral costs can be paid first.
Check with the executor of the estate before paying for a funeral to see if there is enough money in this estate to claim back. The amount of money in the estate may affect the amount you decide to spend on the funeral.
If you are arranging a funeral and you are on a low income, you may be able to get help through a Funeral Expenses Payment. How much you get depends on your circumstances. For more information and to claim go to GOV.UK.
If arranging a funeral is unaffordable, a Public Health Funeral may be arranged. The local authority will usually decide the time and place. Speak to your local council about this.
Benefits
Depending on your situation you may be able to claim extra income or reduce your outgoings.
If your spouse or civil partner dies you may be able to claim bereavement support payment. The amount you get will depend on your situation; it’s paid for 18 months following the death.
If you have had a drop in income, you might be able to claim Universal Credit to help.
If you are the only adult in the property, you may be able to claim a 25% discount on your council tax bill.
The Tell Us Once service can check whether you are able to get help with funeral costs and what benefits you may be able to claim. You can also do a full benefits review through Turn2us.
Useful contacts
Cruse Bereavement Care Phone: 0808 808 1677 www.cruse.org.uk/get-support/helpline
Death Notification Service Phone: 0333 2076574 www.deathnotificationservice.co.uk
GOV.UK For information about the steps to take after someone dies www.gov.uk/after-a-death
For information about dealing with someone’s affairs after they have died. www.gov.uk/wills-probate-inheritance
HMRC bereavement helpline For help with tax after someone dies Phone: 0300 200 3300
HMRC Deceased estate helpline For specialist advice about income and capital gains tax on someone’s estate. Phone: 0300 123 1072
Law Society Phone: 020 7320 5650 www.lawsociety.org.uk
MoneyHelper Phone: 0800 138 0555 www.moneyhelper.org.uk/en/family-and-care/death-and-bereavement
Shelter Phone 0808 800 4444 www.shelter.org.uk
Shelter CymruPhone 08000 495 495 https://sheltercymru.org.uk/contact-us/
Turn2us www.turn2us.org.uk
Other fact sheets which may help you
Council tax recovery
Energy debts
Rent arrears - England
Rent arrears for secure occupation contracts - Wales fact sheet
Rent arrears for standard occupation contracts - Wales fact sheet
Water arrears
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Monday, 28 August 2023
Saturday, 26 August 2023
Dealing with grief
Dealing with grief can be a difficult process but there are healthy ways to cope with pain and eventually move on with life[\[1\]](https://www.helpguide.org/articles/grief/coping-with-grief-and-loss.htm).
Here are a few tips that may help:
1. Allow yourself to experience the full range of emotions that come with grief including sadness, anger, and frustration as they are normal and a necessary part of the healing[\[1\]](https://www.helpguide.org/articles/grief/coping-with-grief-and-loss.htm).
2. Reach out to family and friends for support[\[1\]](https://www.helpguide.org/articles/grief/coping-with-grief-and-loss.htm). They can offer a listening ear or a shoulder to cry on when you need it most.
3. Take care of yourself both physically and emotionally[\[1\]](https://www.helpguide.org/articles/grief/coping-with-grief-and-loss.htm). This includes eating a healthy diet, getting enough sleep, exercising regularly, and doing things that you enjoy.
4. Try to establish a routine that adds structure and predictability to your day, as it can help reduce stress[\[2\]](https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/in-practice/201301/5-tips-managing-grief-and-loss).
5. Join a support group[\[1\]](https://www.helpguide.org/articles/grief/coping-with-grief-and-loss.htm). Talking with people who have experienced a similar loss can help you feel less isolated.
6. Consider seeking professional help from a counselor or therapist. They can help you navigate through the grief process and provide coping strategies[\[1\]](https://www.helpguide.org/articles/grief/coping-with-grief-and-loss.htm).
Remember, healing from grief takes time. Be patient, kind to yourself, and know that it is okay to not be okay.
#### Sources:
1. <https://www.helpguide.org/articles/grief/coping-with-grief-and-loss.htm>
2. <https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/in-practice/201301/5-tips-managing-grief-and-loss>
blakes 7 by mark antony rainnes
The crew of the spaceship, Liberator, flew through space, trying to evade the clutches of the Federation. The seven-man crew, led by Blake, had been a thorn in the side of the Federation for months now. They had managed to steal the most advanced vessel in the galaxy and were making life incredibly difficult for the authoritarian regime.
Blake had initially started the rebellion against the Federation after his memories were restored. The Federation had wiped his memory and imprisoned him on a labor planet. When they released him, he discovered his past and vowed to overthrow the regime.
The crew made their way to a deserted planet, the perfect hiding spot. They were running low on supplies, and Avon suggested they re-approach an old acquaintance, who could provide them with what they needed. Despite Blake's concerns, they set a course for the planet where they last saw the contact.
However, as soon as they landed, all went wrong. The contact, Servalan, had already been there, and she knew they were coming. She had set a trap, and the crew soon found themselves in the middle of a battlefield. Avon and Blake were split up from the rest of the team.
As they fought their way through the chaos, they came across an old acquaintance of Blake's, a renowned weaponsmith. The crew had been looking for him for some time, hoping to get their hands on his latest invention – a weapon that could disable an entire fleet.
The weaponsmith provided Blake with the weapon, but in exchange, he wanted Blake to join his crew permanently. After much persuasion from Avon, Blake reluctantly accepted. Together, the three of them made their way back to where the rest of the crew was waiting.
With the weapon in hand, they joined forces with the others and set about taking down the Federation fleet. The battle was fierce, with Liberator being severely damaged. But the new weapon proved to be a game-changer, as it brought down the enemy ships one by one.
As the battle came to an end, and the Federation was vanquished for the moment, Blake realized that he didn't want to stay with the weaponsmith's crew. He had made a commitment to his own crew, and he would stay loyal to them.
Together, they set off into the vast unknown galaxy, following their own path and creating their own destiny. They were the rebels of the spaceways, an unstoppable force, determined to bring down the tyranny of the Federation.
Thursday, 24 August 2023
Tuesday, 22 August 2023
special request on the 31 August 2023 I
special request on the 31 August 2023 I would like in memory of my wife Enid to do one act of kindness
direct crematio n day #Enid#Wife#Mother#Auntie#Granmother#Friend #My Rock _,No Matter What I love you, good night,I love you ,big kiss what we said every night
Monday, 21 August 2023
Cfz Holsworthy Extra -new species discovered -21 August 2023
new species discovered
Daily update ⋅ 21 August 2023
NEWS
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Bigfoot exposed in new FBI file. “I'm usually a huge sceptic, which p****es my friends off ... 40 new spider species found in Australia. Animals ...
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Once upon a planet. If you're lucky enough to discover a new species, you get to name it. But ...
Friday, 18 August 2023
Tuesday, 15 August 2023
Enid Raines O3.08.1956 _15_08_2023 Wife,Mother Aunti,Granmother ,My Beloved My Rock
Enid Raines
I met Enid via putting myself up for sale in a Bikers magazine called Back Street Hero's,we talk regularly on the phone and wrote letters, we decided to meet up in Bodmin which is a long way from Westcliff on Sea where I living at the time,we then meet again about a month later.
I decided to take the plunge in August 1988 ti be with Enid.
Through trails and tribulations we got Married in Holsworthy Register Office on 15 .6.91, we were very much chalk and cheese, had relationship problems like all couples do,it very very very hard seeing her leave ,but I stayed with her until the end ,its going to a rocky road ahead but I know her spirit will give me and her family and friends strength.
Sunday, 13 August 2023
Saturday, 12 August 2023
Friday, 11 August 2023
Thursday, 10 August 2023
Monday, 7 August 2023
wife
my wife is currently on Tarka Ward NDDH Barnstaple ,Devon
i sighlty uncomfortable with being told second hand information abour my wifes health through her daughthers,i wished to be informed of any reverant information about my wiffes health .
at some stage i expect she will get an assentment about coming home ,hopefully this will increase care visits and let us look into medical aids for helping her
yors
enids husband
mark
please reply
Care needs assessment
https://www.ageuk.org.uk/information-advice/care/arranging-care/care-needs-assessment/
Care needs assessment
If you're finding it hard to manage and think you need social care, a care needs assessment is the first step. The assessment determines the kind of social care that would meet your care needs, whether this means adapting your home or moving into a care home.
How do I get a care needs assessment?
What does the care needs assessment involve?
How can I prepare for the assessment?
Will I be eligible for help from social services?
What happens after the assessment?
How do I get a care needs assessment?
Get in touch with the adult social services department of your local council and ask for a care needs assessment.
There’s no charge for a care needs assessment and you’re entitled to one regardless of your income, savings or level of need.
You can arrange a care needs assessment on behalf of a relative or friend, but they have to agree to the assessment (unless they don't have the capacity to make or communicate that decision themselves).
You can apply for a care needs assessment by contacting your local council.
If you’re a carer, you're entitled to a carer’s assessment, too.
Find your local council
You just need your postcode to get started.
Search now
What does the care needs assessment involve?
A social care professional will usually come to see you to find out how you're managing everyday tasks. You may be offered an assessment online or over the phone – if you feel this isn't right for you, ask for a face-to-face assessment. They'll consider:
your health, and what you can and can't do, or struggle to do
your cultural and religious background and support network
your current living arrangements
how you'd like to be supported
information about your needs from your carer, if you want them to be involved in your assessment.
The assessor will also talk to other professionals who care for you, like your GP or nurse, if you’re happy for the council to do so. This is to make sure everyone is on the same page with the support you need.
Your local council must do their best to help you. They should consider what support you need right now, and what might help in the future.
How can I prepare for the assessment?
Think about the kind of help you need. Be specific, for example:
‘I need someone to help me get up and dressed in the mornings’
‘I need help to shower regularly’
‘I need to be reminded to take my medication’
Think about your cultural, social, religious and emotional needs too, for example:
‘I want to go to my place of worship once a week’
‘I want to visit my brother twice a month’
Ask a friend or carer to be with you at your assessment if you can.
The local council must provide you with someone to support you if you can’t speak up for yourself or have difficulty understanding others. This only applies if you don't have a friend or carer there to help you.
Will I be eligible for help from social services?
Local councils have their own assessment procedures, but they follow national criteria to decide who's eligible for care and support. In making their decision, they'll look at whether you're unable to do, or have difficulty with, daily living tasks, and whether this has a significant impact on your wellbeing.
Do you have care and support needs as a result of a physical or mental condition?
Are you unable to achieve two or more desired outcomes?
Is there, or is there likely to be, a significant impact on your wellbeing?
The daily living tasks include things like:
eating properly
going to the toilet
being safe at home
keeping your home clean and safe
seeing family and friends
going to work, volunteering, education or training
using services in your area.
If you have eligible needs, your local council has a legal duty to meet them.
What happens after the assessment?
After the assessment, a care plan should be agreed with you and a copy given to you. This will detail what needs you have and what could help to meet those needs.
Then there will be a means test to find out how much you need to contribute towards your care and support.
Sunday, 6 August 2023
Care after illness or hospital discharge (reablement)
Care after illness or hospital discharge (reablement)
If you or someone you know has been in hospital or had an illness or fall, you may need temporary care to help you get back to normal and stay independent.
This short-term care is sometimes called intermediate care, or aftercare. Reablement is a type of care that helps you relearn how to do daily activities, like cooking meals and washing.
Most people who receive this type of care do so for around 1 or 2 weeks, although you get free, short-term care for a maximum of 6 weeks. It will depend on how soon you are able to cope at home.
If you need care for longer than 6 weeks, you may have to pay for it.
When you can get free short-term care and how to get it
After leaving hospital
Care can help you recover from an illness or an operation.
Hospital staff will assess your health and help you to decide if you need further help to recover. If they think you do, they will arrange care before you leave hospital.
Speak to the person in charge of you going home (discharge co-ordinator) to make sure this happens.
Information:
Contact social services if you have been discharged and care hasn't been arranged.
The hospital will not get involved after you leave.
After a fall or short illness
Care can help you avoid going into hospital if you do not need to.
If you or someone you know falls or needs help because they're ill, speak to your GP surgery or social services.
They may be able to arrange for someone to come to your home and discuss what you need.
If you have started to find everyday tasks difficult
You can get help with daily tasks. This can help you learn new ways of doing things before needing paid home help.
If you find everyday tasks difficult, you can apply for a needs assessment at GOV.UK. This will identify the type of care or equipment you need.
What care you'll get
A team with a mix of people from the NHS and social services will help you do the things you need to do to stay independent.
This might include getting dressed, preparing a meal, or getting up and down stairs.
They might care for you at first, but will help you practise doing things on your own.
Your team might include:
a nurse
an occupational therapist
a physiotherapist
a speech and language therapist
a social worker
doctors
carers
They'll start with an assessment that looks at what you can do. You'll agree together what you want to do and set out a plan.
The plan will include a contact person who's in the team and the times and dates they'll visit you.
What happens when aftercare finishes
When aftercare finishes, your team should work with you and your family or carers to agree what happens next.
This should include:
other care you might need, such as home help
how you can refer yourself again if you need to
what you should do if something goes wrong
information about what other types of support or equipment might help
Ask your team's contact person about what happens next if your aftercare is coming to an end.
How to move, lift and handle someone else
How to move, lift and handle someone else
If you look after someone who has an illness or disability, you may need to help them move around.
In the bedroom:
getting in or out of bed
turning over in bed
sitting up in bed
In the bathroom:
bathing
showering
using the toilet
Elsewhere:
sitting in a chair
standing
walking
getting up from the floor after a fall
getting in and out of a vehicle
Common carers' injuries
It's essential to know about safe moving and handling so you don't hurt yourself or the person you look after.
The most common injuries carers get are back injuries. Injuring your back will limit your movement and your ability to care for someone. It could take a long time for you to recover.
Lifting someone incorrectly can also damage fragile skin, cause shoulder and neck injuries, increase existing breathing difficulties, or cause bruising or cuts.
Lifting checklist
If you regularly lift or move someone, it's best to get training or have someone demonstrate the correct techniques.
Before attempting to move someone, ask yourself:
do they need help to move?
do they require help or supervision?
have you told them you're moving them?
how heavy are they?
are you healthy and strong enough to move them?
is there anyone who could help you?
how long will it take?
is there enough space around you?
are there any obstacles in the way?
are you wearing suitable clothing and shoes – for example, if you're on a slippery or damp surface?
If you've assessed the situation and have decided to move the person, make sure you:
never lift above shoulder height
keep your feet stable
have a firm hold
keep any weight close to your body
keep your back straight and bend your knees
lift as smoothly as possible
How the council can help
Your local council has an obligation to help carers avoid health and safety risks.
Contact your local council and ask for a needs assessment for the person you look after, as well as a carer's assessment to help you.
For advice and guidance on moving and handling, ask for an occupational therapy assessment.
Training
Your council may run free training courses on safe handling.
If it doesn't offer manual handling courses, ask for a direct payment so you can pay for a course of your choice.
Equipment
The council may also provide free equipment – such as hoists, stand aids, transfer boards or slide sheets – to make moving someone safer and easier.
Buying equipment to lift or move someone
If you decide to buy any equipment, get advice beforehand from an occupational therapist or a social worker.
Try any equipment before you buy it. If you're considering buying an expensive item, ask to use the equipment for a trial period in the home of the person you're looking after.
The Disabled Living Foundation (DLF) has information on buying different types of equipment used to move or lift someone safely
Getting a care needs assessment
Getting a care needs assessment
If you think you, or someone you know, needs help to cope day-to-day, the first step is to get a needs assessment from your local council.
You'll need to have this assessment before the council can recommend a service such as:
equipment like a walking frame or personal alarm
changes to your home such as a walk-in shower
practical help from a paid carer
day care for your child if either you or they are disabled
access to day centres and lunch clubs
moving to a care home
The needs assessment is free and anyone can ask for one.
How to get a needs assessment
Contact social services at your local council and ask for a needs assessment. You can call them or do it online.
Apply for a needs assessment on GOV.UK
What happens in the assessment
Someone from the council such as a social worker or occupational therapist will ask you how you're managing everyday tasks like washing, dressing and cooking.
They might ask you to describe how well you do certain things like making a cup of tea and getting out of a chair.
If it seems you may need some alterations in and around your home such as grab rails in the bathroom, you might also be referred for a separate assessment of your home.
The needs assessment can happen:
face-to-face
over the phone or online
Assessments usually last at least an hour.
How to prepare for your assessment
This is your chance to have your say.
Give as much detail as you can about all the everyday tasks you struggle with, even the little ones like turning taps on and off. Leaving out things might reduce the care recommended for you.
Which? Later Life Care has a checklist of typical questions you might be asked in the assessment regardless of your age.
Independent Age has a step-by-step guide to getting help from your council which may help you prepare for the assessment.
Have someone with you
Have a friend or relative with you, if possible. It will help if you're not confident explaining your situation. They can also take notes for you.
If you can't have a friend or relative with you, you could use an advocate. Advocates are people who speak up on your behalf. They can help you fill in forms and sit with you in meetings and assessments. They're often free.
Telephone help
If you want to talk to someone over the phone about needs assessments, call:
your local council's social services department – find your local council on GOV.UK
Age UK's free helpline on 0800 055 6112
Independent Age's free helpline on 0800 319 6789
The Family Rights Group's free helpline on 0808 801 0366
Getting the results
After the assessment, the local council will decide whether you need help, and you'll get the results of the assessment.
It identifies what kind of care and support would help you, such as a paid carer or meals delivered to your home (meals on wheels).
Paying for care
You'll generally be expected to pay toward the cost of social care.
If the assessment identifies you need help, you will have a financial assessment (means test) to see if the council will pay towards it. This will be arranged for you.
What if I'm told I don't need care?
If the needs assessment finds that you don't qualify for care and support, the council should still give you free advice about where you can get help in your community. Ask if this doesn't happen.
How to complain about a needs assessment
If you disagree with the results of your needs assessment or how it was done, you have a right to complain.
First complain to your local council. Your council should have a formal complaints procedure on its website. It should also tell you about it at your assessment.
If you're not happy with the way the council handles your complaint, you can take it to the local government and social care ombudsman. An ombudsman is an independent person who's been appointed to look into complaints about organisations.
Care homes Moving into a care home is a big decision and it can cost a lot of money. Before choosing a care home for you or someone you know, it's worth considering all of the options.
Care homes
Moving into a care home is a big decision and it can cost a lot of money. Before choosing a care home for you or someone you know, it's worth considering all of the options.
When to consider a care home
A care home may be the best option if you or someone you know:
is struggling to live alone – even with help from friends, family or paid carers
had a needs assessment that suggested a care home is the best choice
has a complex medical condition that needs specialist attention during the day and night
Care homes can reduce the stress of looking after your health and care. This may help you focus on other things, like your social life and general wellbeing.
Which? Later life care: when to consider a care home
Other ways to get care and support
Many people feel they don't need to move into a care home, or are worried about moving out of their home.
You may want to consider other options, which could be cheaper or help you feel more independent.
Making changes to your home:
adapting your home – for example, adding stairlifts, hand rails or extra security
using household gadgets and equipment – to help you cook, clean and get dressed
Hiring a carer or getting more support:
hiring a care worker – where someone comes to your home to provide help and care
supported living services – where you live in agreed accommodation, with staff that visit you to provide help and care
Moving to a new home:
more independent housing options include extra care housing or retirement villages
If you decide a care home is the best place to meet your health and care needs, you'll need to choose which type of care home is right for you.
Understanding the different types of care home
There are 2 main types of care home:
residential homes
nursing homes
Some care homes offer both residential and nursing care places. Care homes may be run by private companies, voluntary or charity organisations, or sometimes by local councils.
Residential homes
These provide accommodation and personal care, such as help with:
washing
dressing
taking medicines
going to the toilet
Some care homes also offer activities, such as day trips.
Nursing homes
These also provide personal care but there will always be 1 or more qualified nurses on duty to provide nursing care. These are sometimes called care homes with nursing.
Some nursing homes offer services for people that may need more care and support. For example, people with:
severe learning disabilities, severe physical disabilities or both
a complex medical condition that needs help from a qualified nurse – such as someone who has a colostomy or who is fed through a tube
How much will a care home cost?
The cost of a care home will be different depending on the type of care home you need and where you live.
Nursing homes usually cost more than residential homes as they provide nursing care.
The average cost of a care home in the UK is:
around £600 a week for a residential home
around £800 a week for a nursing home
How to pay for a care home
Before deciding how to pay for a care home, it's worth asking your local authority for a needs assessment. The council can then help you look at all your options.
Paying for your own care (self-funding)
You can choose to pay for care yourself if you're able to afford it or you don't want a financial assessment.
Read more about paying for your own care.
Financial help from your council
Contact social services at your local council and ask for a needs assessment. You can call them or do it online.
Apply for a needs assessment (GOV.UK)
It's important not to sell your home or cancel a tenancy before the council has made a decision.
Read more about when the council might pay for your care.
Financial help from your family
The council won't look at your relative's finances when they assess you. But if your family are able to help pay towards the cost of a care home, they can add to the money the council gives you. This is known as a top-up fee.
This means you could live in a care home that costs more than the council will pay. If your family have to stop paying, you may have to move out.
Telephone helplines
If you need advice about a financial assessment or financing a care home yourself, you could call:
The Society of Later Life Advisors (SOLLA) on 0333 2020 454 (for older people)
MoneyHelper on 0800 138 7777 (for all ages)
Choosing a care home
If the council is paying for your care home
You should be given a care plan by the council, which lets you know your options. The information in your care plan might also help you decide which care home best meets your needs.
You can choose which care home you prefer, as long as the council agrees it:
meets your needs
is not more expensive than another suitable care home
If you're paying for a care home yourself
You might have a lot of options if you're paying for care yourself.
It's important to do some research to make sure it's the right place to meet your needs. The council can also advise you on the best options.
How to find a care home
Your local council's adult social care services can give you more information about care homes in your area.
Find your local adult social care services
EAC Housing Care has a directory of care homes in the UK
How to decide if a care home is right for you
Things to consider before choosing a care home:
where it is (location) – for example, do you want to be near your family or local shops?
how much it costs
whether they offer the right services or activities you need
how visiting and leaving the care home works – for example, do you want to be able to go out on your own or with staff assistance?
Signs of a good care home include:
staff and managers with the right time, skills and experience to do their jobs
clean buildings, rooms and bathrooms
a wide range of activities for residents at home and outside
good quality food choices and options about where to eat meals
fast and easy access to health professionals, such as GPs and dentists
the care home makes sure any cultural, religious or lifestyle needs are met
feedback from residents is asked for and used to improve care
How to research a care home
To get more information about a care home you could:
phone them
visit their website
request a brochure
visit the care home
request a temporary stay
There are also organisations that inspect care homes to see how well they are doing. The Care Quality Commission (CQC) regulates all health and adult social care in England.
You might see a CQC inspection rating when you visit a care home or search online. Their 4 ratings are:
Outstanding
Good
Requires improvement
Inadequate
You could also search for care homes on the CQC website to see their full reports.
How to plan your move into a care home
Before you move, it may help to:
ask family or friends to help you move and settle you in
contact the benefits office, if you have one (including disability benefits, as these can be affected by care home stays)
make sure other services at your old address have been told you're moving
let friends and family know your new address and when you might feel up to receiving visitors
let the care home know about any health problems or disabilities you have
Complaining about a care home
You may need to make a complaint about a care home if you're not happy with the quality of care you or someone you know is receiving.
Speak to the care home operator or manager first
All care homes should have a way to listen to your feedback and complaints. This may be enough to help resolve the problem.
If you're not happy with the care home's response
Contact your local council directly if they are funding your care home.
If you're not happy with the council or care home's response
Contact your Local Government Ombudsman. They investigate all adult social care complaints. It doesn't matter if you're paying for the care home yourself or it's funded by the council.
Read about how to make a complaint on the Local Government and Social Care Ombudsman website
If you need someone to speak up for you
There are people called advocates who can help if you're finding it difficult to understand your care or you're not able to speak up.
Advocates can help with things like:
writing letters or attending meetings for you
supporting you during assessments and other meetings
helping you make decisions
Read more about how to get an advocate.
Telephone help for care homes
If you want to talk to someone about making care home decisions, call:
Age UK on 0800 678 1602 (for older people)
Family Action on 0808 802 6666 (if you care for a child)
Read about other helplines and forums for social care and support
More in Care services, equipment and care homes
Care and support you can get for free
Household gadgets and equipment to make life easier
Personal alarms, monitoring systems (telecare) and key safes
Home adaptations
Walking aids, wheelchairs and mobility scooters
Driving and using public transport if you have mobility issues
Help at home from a paid carer
Moving to a new home: housing options for older people or people with disabilities
Care homes
Supported living services
Shared lives schemes
when-someone-dies
https://www.gov.uk/when-someone-dies
What to do when someone dies: step by step
Check what to do after a death - how to register the death, notify government departments and deal with the estate.
This step by step is also available as a Welsh (Cymraeg) guide.
Show all steps
Step1:Register the death,
Hide This Section
Register the death within 5 days
Check what to do if:
the death has been reported to a coroner
the death happened outside the UK
you're registering a stillbirth
someone is missing and you think they're dead
Step2:Tell government about the death,
Hide This Section
The Tell Us Once service allows you to inform all the relevant government departments when someone dies.
Use the Tell Us Once service to tell government
If you cannot use Tell Us Once, tell government yourself
You'll also need to tell banks, utility companies, and landlords or housing associations yourself.
Step3:Arrange the funeral,
Hide This Section
Arrange the funeral
Get help paying for a funeral
Get help paying for a child's funeral
Step4:Check if you can get bereavement benefits,
Hide This Section
You might be eligible for financial help.
Check if you can get:
Bereavement Support Payment if your partner has died
Statutory Parental Bereavement Pay and Leave if your child has died or you’ve had a stillbirth
Guardian's Allowance if you're bringing up a child whose parents have died
andDeal with your own benefits, pension and taxes,
Hide This Section
Your tax, benefit claims and pension might change depending on your relationship with the person who died.
Manage your tax, pensions and benefits if your partner has died
Check how benefits are affected if a child dies
andFind bereavement support and services,
Hide This Section
Get help with managing grief and the things you need to do when someone dies.
Find bereavement help and support
Find bereavement services from your local council
andCheck if you need to apply to stay in the UK,
Show This Section
Step5:Value the estate and check if you need to pay Inheritance Tax,
Hide This Section
To find out if there’s Inheritance Tax to pay, you need to estimate the value of the property, money and possessions (the ‘estate’) of the person who died.
Estimate the value of the estate to find out if you need to pay Inheritance Tax
Find out how to report the value of the estate
Pay Inheritance Tax if it’s due
Step6:Apply for probate,
Hide This Section
You might need to apply for probate before you can deal with the property, money and possessions (the ‘estate’) of the person who died.
Check if you need to apply for probate
Apply for probate
Step7:Deal with the estate,
Hide This Section
Pay any debts or taxes owed by the person who's died. You can then distribute the estate as set out in the will or the law.
Deal with the estate
Update property records
Saturday, 5 August 2023
Friday, 4 August 2023
The Misadventures of Good and Evil
Chapter 1: A Whimsical Introduction
Once upon a time, in the quirky town of Sillyville, there existed a peculiar balance between good and evil. It was a place where the absurdity of life was taken to new heights, and the residents embraced the comical chaos that ensued. In this tale, we dive deep into the psyche of our characters, exploring the notion that evil seems to hold more power than good, all while maintaining a comedic stream of consciousness.
Chapter 2: The Rise of the Villain
Meet Dr. Maleficent, the quintessential villain with a wicked sense of humor. With his maniacal laugh, he concocts schemes that disrupt the peace of Sillyville. Despite his malevolent intentions, the townsfolk can't help but chuckle at his outrageous antics. Dr. Maleficent revels in the knowledge that evil has an inherent charm that good cannot match.
Chapter 3: The Bumbling Hero
Enter our unlikely hero, Captain Goody Two-Shoes, a well-intentioned but hilariously clumsy individual. Armed with his trusty sidekick, Sarcasm Man, Captain Goody Two-Shoes endeavors to save Sillyville from the clutches of evil. Though his heart is pure, his missteps and mishaps often lead to unintended consequences, leaving the townsfolk in stitches.
Chapter 4: The Battle of Wits
As Captain Goody Two-Shoes battles against Dr. Maleficent's evil plans, the town becomes a playground for absurdity. From exploding pies to banana peel booby traps, every step forward for the hero seems to be two steps back. Meanwhile, Dr. Maleficent revels in his victories, convinced that evil's power lies in its ability to twist reality into a delightful mess.
Chapter 5: The Great Revelation
Amidst the chaos, the townsfolk begin to question the very nature of good and evil. They realize that evil's allure lies in its unpredictability and ability to challenge societal norms. The residents of Sillyville find themselves laughing at the absurdity of life, embracing the idea that good and evil are not so easily defined.
Chapter 6: The Ultimate Showdown
As the story reaches its climax, Captain Goody Two-Shoes and Dr. Maleficent face off in a battle of epic proportions. But instead of resorting to violence, they engage in a witty banter, each trying to outdo the other in absurdity. The townsfolk watch in awe and amusement, realizing that good and evil are two sides of the same coin, forever intertwined in the comedy of life.
Chapter 7: A New Understanding
In the aftermath of their encounter, Captain Goody Two-Shoes and Dr. Maleficent come to a surprising revelation. They realize that, in Sillyville, evil's power stems not from its inherent strength, but from the ability to make people laugh. Goodness, on the other hand, brings joy and harmony to the town, a power that cannot be underestimated.
Chapter 8: The Sillyville Legacy
With newfound wisdom, Captain Goody Two-Shoes and Dr. Maleficent join forces to create a harmonious balance between good and evil in Sillyville. Their adventures become the stuff of legends, and the town thrives on laughter and camaraderie. Sillyville becomes a beacon of absurdity, reminding the world that, in the grand comedy of life, good and evil are equally powerful forces.
Epilogue: The Joke is on Us
As the curtain falls on our tale, we are left with a profound realization that evil is not inherently more powerful than good. Instead, it is our perception and interpretation of these forces that shape their influence. Life, after all, is a comedy, and it is up to us to find the humor in both the good and the evil that surrounds us.
Shadows of the Abyss
Chapter 1: A Sinister Beginning
In the heart of the city, where shadows lurk in every corner and darkness reigns supreme, a notorious killer named Adrian Blackwood walked the streets with a chilling confidence. Known for his gruesome acts and the artistry of his kills, Adrian had become a legend in the criminal underworld. But little did he know that someone else, equally skilled in the macabre arts, was watching his every move.
Chapter 2: The Hunter's Game
As the moon cast an eerie glow over the city, Adrian felt a growing unease creeping up his spine. He knew his reputation had drawn unwanted attention, but he had always been one step ahead of his pursuers. However, this time, the hunter stalking him seemed different, more cunning. The feeling of being hunted gnawed at his soul, leaving him restless and paranoid.
Chapter 3: Whispering Shadows
In the depths of the night, whispers echoed through the empty streets. Adrian's sleep was plagued by nightmares, visions of his past crimes haunting him with every breath. He saw the faces of his victims, their eyes filled with terror, their blood staining his hands. But amidst the torment, a new presence emerged from the darkness, a malevolent force that seemed to feed on his fears.
Chapter 4: A Deadly Dance
As the hunter closed in, leaving cryptic messages at each crime scene, Adrian found himself entangled in a deadly game of cat and mouse. The city became their battleground, with each gruesome kill escalating the tension. The stalker reveled in the psychological torment, leaving Adrian questioning his own sanity. Were the whispers in his mind real, or the product of a twisted imagination?
Chapter 5: Unmasking the Shadows
Driven to the brink of madness, Adrian embarked on a desperate quest to unmask his relentless pursuer. He delved into forgotten archives and consulted with twisted minds, seeking any clue that could lead him to the truth. But the deeper he dug, the more he realized that his hunter was not just an ordinary psychopath. No, this was a creature born from the darkest depths of human depravity.
Chapter 6: The Final Confrontation
As the clock ticked toward the final hour, Adrian's world spiraled into chaos. The hunter's relentless pursuit had cost him dearly, leaving a trail of destruction in its wake. But Adrian, driven by a primal instinct to survive, refused to succumb to the terror that threatened to consume him. In a cataclysmic showdown, the two killers clashed, their battle echoing through the night, their fates entwined in a dance of death.
Epilogue: Shadows of the Abyss
In the aftermath of the deadly confrontation, the city breathed a sigh of relief. Adrian Blackwood, the infamous killer, was finally silenced. But as the sun rose on a new day, a chilling realization settled upon those who had witnessed the horrors that unfolded. The shadows had not been vanquished; they had merely found a new host. And so, the cycle of darkness continued, lurking in the depths, waiting for the next unsuspecting victim to fall prey to its insidious grasp.
Note: This novel is a work of fiction and is not intended to glorify violence or harm. It is purely a product of imagination and creativity within the horror genre.